Trend Pola Asuh Orang Tua dalam Mengembangkan Kemandirian AUD : sistematik literature review

Abstract

The development of independence in early childhood is a fundamental milestone that shapes

an individual's ability to manage daily tasks, make decisions, and take responsibility. Parenting

plays a central role in supporting or hindering this development, as parents serve as the child’s

first environment and model. This study aims to examine how different parenting styles

influence the formation of independence in young children through a literature review

approach. Drawing from academic sources published between 2015 and 2025, the analysis

incorporates developmental theories such as Erikson’s psychosocial stages and Baumrind’s

typology of parenting. The results of this study reveal that democratic parenting is the most

effective style in fostering independence, as it provides balanced guidance, emotional support,

and encourages decision-making. Children raised with this style tend to be more confident,

responsible, and self-directed. In contrast, authoritarian parenting, which emphasizes control

and obedience, often leads to dependency and low self-initiative, while permissive parenting

may result in poor self-regulation due to the absence of clear boundaries. The review also

highlights that emotional warmth, communication, and consistent parental involvement are

crucial factors in building autonomy. These findings underline the importance of equipping

parents with knowledge and strategies that promote healthy independence during early

childhood, and encourage further research on parenting practices in diverse social and cultural

contexts.

Keywords: parenting style; early childhood; independence; democratic parenting; child

development; autonomy